(i) The colonial economy in Vietnam was, however, primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite.
(ii) Rail and port facilities were set up to service this sector. Indentured Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations.
(iii) The French, contrary to what Bernard would have liked, did little to industrialize the economy. In the rural areas, landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.
