Question

Explain with the help of two examples how certain plants have evolved morphological and chemical defenses against primary consumers such as cows and goats.

Answer 1

- Thorns of Acacia / Cactus are morphological means of defence against cows & goats 
- Plants produce & store chemicals that make herbivore sick when they are eaten inhibit feeding or digestion and disrupt its reproduction or even kill it
- Calotropis produces highly poisonous cardiac glycosides so cows and goats can never browse on these plants / Chemical substances like nicotine / caffeine / defences / strychnine / opium are actually defences against grazers & browsers