Proto-industrialization refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the arrival of modern machine run factories Large-scale industrial production took place for an international market. It was based in the countryside, not in factories.
Effects :
(i) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed so common people had no alternative sources of income.
(ii) Many had small plots of land which could not provide work for all family members.
(iii) Merchants offered them advances to which they agreed.
(iv) They got a source of income which supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation
